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īetween 18, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft. His box kite designs were widely adopted. In the 1890s, Lawrence Hargrave conducted research on wing structures and developed a box kite that lifted the weight of a man. The craft was uncontrollable, which Maxim, it is presumed, realized, because he subsequently abandoned work on it. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. Sir Hiram Maxim built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a 110-foot (34 m) wingspan that was powered by two 360-horsepower (270 kW) steam engines driving two propellers. Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were Otto Lilienthal, Percy Pilcher, and Octave Chanute.
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Montgomery made a controlled flight in a glider. Mozhaisky also made some innovative designs. In 1856, Frenchman Jean-Marie Le Bris made the first powered flight, by having his glider "L'Albatros artificiel" pulled by a horse on a beach. Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying glider in 1853. In 1799, George Cayley set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control. Leonardo da Vinci researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his Codex on the Flight of Birds (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the center of mass and the center of pressure of flying birds. Some of the earliest recorded attempts with gliders were those by the 9th-century Andalusian and Arabic-language poet Abbas ibn Firnas and the 11th-century English monk Eilmer of Malmesbury both experiments injured their pilots. This machine may have been suspended for its flight. Around 400 BC in Greece, Archytas was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some 200 m (660 ft). Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the Greek legend of Icarus and Daedalus, and the Vimana in ancient Indian epics. In the United Kingdom and most of the Commonwealth, the term "aeroplane" ( / ˈ ɛər ə p l eɪ n/ ) is usually applied to these aircraft. In the United States and Canada, the term "airplane" is used for powered fixed-wing aircraft. In an example of synecdoche, the word for the wing came to refer to the entire aircraft. " Aéroplane" originally referred just to the wing, as it is a plane moving through the air.
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The Boeing 707, the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to at least 2013.įirst attested in English in the late 19th century (prior to the first sustained powered flight), the word airplane, like aeroplane, derives from the French aéroplane, which comes from the Greek ἀήρ ( aēr), "air" and either Latin planus, "level", or Greek πλάνος ( planos), "wandering". The first jet airliner, the de Havilland Comet, was introduced in 1952. The first jet aircraft was the German Heinkel He 178 in 1939. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of World War II. Following its limited use in World War I, aircraft technology continued to develop. Between 18, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal also studied heavier-than-air flight. They built on the works of George Cayley dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying gliders). The Wright brothers invented and flew the first airplane in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight". Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be remotely or computer-controlled such as drones. Worldwide, commercial aviation transports more than four billion passengers annually on airliners and transports more than 200 billion tonne- kilometers of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes recreation, transportation of goods and people, military, and research. Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and wing configurations. An All Nippon Airways Boeing 777-300ER taking off from New York JFK AirportĪn airplane or aeroplane (informally plane) is a fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine, propeller, or rocket engine.